﻿{"id":6138,"date":"2020-09-17T11:51:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-17T09:51:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=6138"},"modified":"2023-11-30T22:19:03","modified_gmt":"2023-11-30T21:19:03","slug":"program-mercury","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=6138","title":{"rendered":"Program Mercury"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"male2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t publikovan\u00e9 na slovenskej Wikip\u00e9dii v \u010dl\u00e1nkoch <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Program_Mercury&amp;oldid=644404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Program Mercury<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Mercury-Atlas_6&amp;oldid=4014655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mercury-Atlas 6<\/a>. Autor: Jana Plauchov\u00e1 ako Eryn Blaireov\u00e1. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=2893\">Spoluautori:<\/a> Adrian (jazyk, wikilinky, typografia), Mimac (zakladate\u013e, \u010das\u0165 textu), Mirec (oprava preklepu), Milo\u0161 (oprava preklepu), Wizzard (oprava gramatiky), Wek1 (oprava preklepu)<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"male2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Text je dostupn\u00fd pod <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0<\/a> a <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/fdl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">GFDL<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Mercury_patch.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6143\" src=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Mercury_patch-297x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Mercury_patch-297x300.jpg 297w, https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Mercury_patch.jpg 347w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 297px) 100vw, 297px\" \/><\/a>Program Mercury<\/strong> bol vesm\u00edrny projekt na dopravu Ameri\u010danov do vesm\u00edru. Cie\u013eom projektu bolo dopravi\u0165 \u010dloveka na obe\u017en\u00fa dr\u00e1hu Zeme a bezpe\u010dne ho vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165. Prvotn\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie a v\u00fdvoj <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=2711\">vesm\u00edrnej lode<\/a> prebiehalo pod veden\u00edm organiz\u00e1cie NACA, nesk\u00f4r pod veden\u00edm novozalo\u017eenej agent\u00fary NASA. Pri prv\u00fdch dvoch letoch bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 raketa Mercury Redstone, pri ostatn\u00fdch raketa Atlas. Program bol pomenovan\u00fd pod\u013ea plan\u00e9ty <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=1460\">Merk\u00far<\/a>, ktorej astronomick\u00fd symbol je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou loga cel\u00e9ho programu. Merk\u00far je z\u00e1rove\u0148 r\u00edmsky boh, ktor\u00fd \u010dasto predstavoval symbol r\u00fdchlosti. Program prebiehal v rokoch 1958 a\u017e 1963 a celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady projektu dosiahli \u010diastku 1,5 miliardy USD.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Projektovan\u00edm lode sa od roku 1958 zaoberal kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd t\u00edm pod veden\u00edm Maxa Fageta. Vlastn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba potom prebiehala v McDonnell Aircraft Company v St. Louis v \u0161t\u00e1te Missouri. NASA zadala objedn\u00e1vku na v\u00fdrobu 20 letov\u00fdch exempl\u00e1rov lode. P\u00e4\u0165 z nich nebolo pou\u017eit\u00fdch pri \u017eiadnom z letov. Dve bezpilotn\u00e9 lode boli zni\u010den\u00e9 v priebehu letu. Jedna z lod\u00ed (Liberty Bell 7) na konci pilotovan\u00e9ho letu skon\u010dila na dne oce\u00e1nu (aby bola po 38 rokoch s ve\u013ekou sl\u00e1vou n\u00e1jden\u00e1 a vytiahnut\u00e1). \u010cas\u0165 z vyroben\u00fdch lod\u00ed bola podroben\u00e1 neskor\u0161\u00edm prestavb\u00e1m a modifik\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm odstra\u0148ovali technologick\u00e9 z\u00e1vady a nedostatky a umo\u017e\u0148ovali dlh\u0161\u00ed pobyt lod\u00ed na obe\u017enej dr\u00e1he.<\/p>\n<h2>Obsah<\/h2>\n<h3>Popis lode<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_6141\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 240px\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/384px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6141\" src=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/384px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/384px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/384px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg 384w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raketa Atlas \u0161tartuje, aby vyniesla na obe\u017en\u00fa dr\u00e1hu lo\u010f Friendship 7<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kab\u00edna vesm\u00edrnej lode Mercury bola jednomiestna. Mala tvar ku\u017ee\u013ea, ktor\u00e9ho \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed koniec bol pokryt\u00fd ber\u00fdliov\u00fdm tepeln\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtom. Nesk\u00f4r bol ber\u00fdliov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt kv\u00f4li vysokej cene a technologickej n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti nahraden\u00fd \u013eah\u0161\u00edm \u0161t\u00edtom z fenolovej \u017eivice. \u0160t\u00edt sa prudk\u00fdm \u017eiarom odparoval a t\u00fdm chr\u00e1nil zvy\u0161ok vesm\u00edrnej lode. Tento \u0161t\u00edt musel pri n\u00e1vrate odol\u00e1va\u0165 teplot\u00e1m vy\u0161e 1 600\u00b0C. Kab\u00edna bola zhotoven\u00e1 z tit\u00e1nov\u00fdch plechov hr\u00fabky 0,25 mm. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 tepelne nam\u00e1han\u00e9 miesta boli pokryt\u00e9 e\u0161te zliatinou Rene-4 a ber\u00edliov\u00fdmi pl\u00e1tmi. Medzi vonkaj\u0161\u00edm a vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165om bola tepeln\u00e1 a zvukov\u00e1 izola\u010dn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka. Kab\u00edna obsahovala dva otvory a jedno okienko (priezor). Mal\u00fd vstupn\u00fd prielez bol na boku lode a po prist\u00e1t\u00ed bol odhadzovan\u00fd tridsiatimi pyro\u0161roubami. Na pozorovanie vonkaj\u0161ieho diania sl\u00fa\u017eili dve okienka a naviga\u010dn\u00fd periskop.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vn\u00fatri kab\u00edny sa nach\u00e1dzali jedna hlavn\u00e1 a dve bo\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edstrojov\u00e9 dosky. Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dacie prvky tvorilo viac ne\u017e 55 elektrick\u00fdch prep\u00edna\u010dov, 30 viacpolohov\u00fdch isti\u010dov, 35 mechanick\u00fdch viavcstup\u0148ov\u00fdch prep\u00edna\u010dov a \u010fal\u0161ieho vybavenia. Elektrick\u00fa energiu zabezpe\u010dovali celkove tri bat\u00e9rie: dve s v\u00fdkonom 3 kWh a jedna s v\u00fdkonom 1,5 kWh. Po\u010das letu sa po\u010d\u00edtalo s automatick\u00fdm riaden\u00edm prev\u00e1dzan\u00fdm za asistencie pozemsk\u00fdch stan\u00edc s takmer nulovou potrebou z\u00e1sahu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=7410\">astronauta<\/a>. Automatizovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my v\u0161ak trpeli mno\u017estvom por\u00fach a preto sa pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 astronauta uk\u00e1zala ako rozhoduj\u00faca pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 ukon\u010denie nieko\u013ek\u00fdch misi\u00ed. Medzi \u010fal\u0161ie syst\u00e9my lode patril aj syst\u00e9m zabezpe\u010denia \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok. Ten z\u00e1soboval astronautov skafander \u010dist\u00fdm kysl\u00edkom s tlakom 0,3 atmosf\u00e9r a zais\u0165oval vhodn\u00e9 hodnoty teploty a vlhkosti pre pre\u017eitie astronauta a funk\u010dnos\u0165 palubn\u00fdch pr\u00edstrojov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lo\u010f mala celkove 18 kontroln\u00fdch trysiek (RCS), ktor\u00e9 po oddelen\u00ed nosnej rakety zabr\u00e1nili rot\u00e1cii lode, stabilizovali kab\u00ednu a boli schopn\u00e9 nato\u010di\u0165 ju tepeln\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtom dopredu. Lo\u010f nemohla sama prev\u00e1dza\u0165 orbit\u00e1lne man\u00e9vre. Kontroln\u00e9 trysky boli pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 zast\u00fapen\u00e9 zdvojene pre automatizovan\u00fd aj manu\u00e1lny okruh riadenia. Takisto n\u00e1dr\u017ee pre pohonn\u00e9 hmoty, peroxid vod\u00edka, boli zdvojen\u00e9. Pre zaistenie n\u00e1vratu na Zem bola lo\u010f vybaven\u00e1 tromi brzdiacimi (retrogr\u00e1dnymi) motormi na pevn\u00e9 palivo. Tie pri \u0165ahu 4,5 kN za dobu 10 sek\u00fand zn\u00ed\u017eili orbit\u00e1lnu r\u00fdchlos\u0165 na dostato\u010dn\u00fa hodnotu vhodn\u00fa pre prist\u00e1vanie. Kv\u00f4li zn\u00ed\u017eeniu n\u00e1razu boli raketov\u00e9 motory zapa\u013eovan\u00e9 po jednom p\u00e4\u0165-sekundov\u00fdch intervaloch. Pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 prist\u00e1tie posta\u010dovala spo\u013eahliv\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 dvoch z troch motorov. Pr\u00e1zdny obal motorov bol pred vlastn\u00fdm vstupom do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=6627\">atmosf\u00e9ry<\/a> odhadzovan\u00fd od lode.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vlastn\u00e9 prist\u00e1tie na vodnej hladine zais\u0165oval zdvojen\u00fd pad\u00e1kov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faci zo stabiliza\u010dn\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ka s priemerom 1,8 metra vypusten\u00e9ho vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 6,4 km a hlavn\u00e9ho nosn\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ku s priemerom 20 metrov, ktor\u00fd bol vypusten\u00fd vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 2,9 km. Prist\u00e1tie bolo pomerne tvrd\u00e9, n\u00e1raz na vodn\u00fa hladinu sa uskuto\u010d\u0148oval r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 10 m\/s. Preto sa pre jeho stlmenie pou\u017e\u00edval vzduchov\u00fd tlmiaci vak vytvoren\u00fd za pomoci tkaniny medzi tepeln\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtom a dnom kab\u00edny. Bol nafukovan\u00fd kr\u00e1tko po otvoren\u00ed hlavn\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ka.<\/p>\n<h2>Nosn\u00e1 raketa<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri suborbit\u00e1lnych letoch bola pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 raketa Mercury Redstone, pri orbit\u00e1lnych raketa Atlas, presnej\u0161ie jej modifik\u00e1cia Atlas D (Atlas Mercury). Bola to dvojstup\u0148ov\u00e1 raketa, pri\u010dom jej prv\u00fd stupe\u0148 mal dva motory na kvapaln\u00e9 pohonn\u00e9 hmoty, ktor\u00e9 vyv\u00edjali \u0165ah 68 000 kp. Motor druh\u00e9ho stup\u0148a bol tie\u017e na kvapaln\u00e9 pohonn\u00e9 hmoty a vyv\u00edjal \u0165ah 27 000 kp. Raketa vyn\u00e1\u0161ala vesm\u00edrnu lo\u010f na obe\u017en\u00fa dr\u00e1hu r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou okolo 28 000 km\/h. Nad kab\u00ednou bolo tie\u017e z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 zariadenie. V pr\u00edpade nebezpe\u010denstva po vyslan\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu sa kab\u00edna oddelila od rakety a zapli sa mal\u00e9 z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 trysky, ktor\u00e9 premiestnili kab\u00ednu do bezpe\u010dnej vzdialenosti od rakety a umo\u017enili jej bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 prist\u00e1tie na hladine mora s pomocou pad\u00e1kov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, podobne ako pri n\u00e1vrate z vesm\u00edru. Trysky z\u00e1chrannej rakety dosahovali \u0165ah 231 kN za \u010das 1 sekundu. V pr\u00edpade spr\u00e1vnej \u010dinnosti nosnej rakety bol z\u00e1chrann\u00fd syst\u00e9m v pokro\u010dilej f\u00e1ze letu odstrelen\u00fd pomocou raketov\u00e9ho motora s \u0165ahom 3,6 kN.<\/p>\n<h2>Typick\u00fd priebeh letu s raketou Atlas<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nosn\u00e1 raketa Atlas od\u0161tartovala z Cape Canaveral. Po cca 131 sekund\u00e1ch vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 62 km ukon\u010dili svoju funkciu \u0161tartovacie motory. O 3 sekundy nesk\u00f4r boli motory odhoden\u00e9 a svoju \u010dinnos\u0165 za\u010dal letov\u00fd motor 2. stup\u0148a. Po 305 sekund\u00e1ch vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 161 kilometrov ukon\u010dil \u010dinnos\u0165 aj letov\u00fd motor a o sekundu nesk\u00f4r bola kab\u00edna oddelen\u00e1 od rakety. Oddelenie sa konalo pomocou troch mal\u00fdch odde\u013eovac\u00edch rakiet s \u0165ahom 1,8 kN. Kab\u00edna zah\u00e1jila orient\u00e1ciu na obe\u017enej dr\u00e1he. Na za\u010diatku prist\u00e1vacieho man\u00e9vru sa kab\u00edna oto\u010dila ber\u00edliov\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtom, na ktorom boli brzdiace motory napred. Z\u00e1\u017eih brzdiacich motorov zn\u00ed\u017eil r\u00fdchlos\u0165 kab\u00edny. Vesm\u00edrna lo\u010f vst\u00fapila do vrchn\u00fdch vrstiev atmosf\u00e9ry. Nasledovalo vypustenie stabiliza\u010dn\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ku a o nie\u010do nesk\u00f4r aj hlavn\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ku. Kab\u00edna dosadla na hladinu mora, kde bola vyzdvihnut\u00e1 lo\u010fou.<\/p>\n<h2>Nepilotovan\u00e9 lety<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vlastn\u00fdm pilotovan\u00fdm letom predch\u00e1dzalo takmer 20 bezpilotn\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdch letov, ktor\u00fdch \u00falohou bolo preveri\u0165 novo vyvinut\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie prvej americkej vesm\u00edrnej lode. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich bola preveden\u00e1 len na suborbit\u00e1lnej dr\u00e1he, ostatn\u00e9 boli orbit\u00e1lne. Z\u010faleka nie v\u0161etky z t\u00fdchto letov boli \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9. \u0160tyroch sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdch letov sa z\u00fa\u010dastnili aj \u0161impanz\u00ed astronauti.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>9. 9.1959 &#8211; Atlas (Big Joe 1) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00famanie leteck\u00e9ho nam\u00e1hania;<\/li>\n<li>4.10.1959 &#8211; Little Joe 1 (6) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00fa\u0161ka rakety;<\/li>\n<li>4.11.1959 &#8211; Little Joe 2 (1A) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00fa\u0161ka z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu;<\/li>\n<li>4.12.1959 &#8211; Little Joe 3 (2) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00fa\u0161ka z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, fyziologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum (opi\u010dka Sam);<\/li>\n<li>21.1.1960 &#8211; Little Joe 4 (1B) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00fa\u0161ka z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, fyziologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum;<\/li>\n<li>29.7.1960 &#8211; Atlas MA-1 expl\u00f3zia rakety po 65 sekund\u00e1ch;<\/li>\n<li>8.11.1960 &#8211; Little Joe 5 ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; kab\u00edna sa neoddelila;<\/li>\n<li>21.11.1960 &#8211; Redstone MR-0 (1) ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; kab\u00edna se oddelila u\u017e pri \u0161tarte;<\/li>\n<li>19.12.1960 &#8211; Redstone MR-1 (1A) \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; letov\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka kab\u00edny;<\/li>\n<li>31.1.1961 &#8211; Redstone MR-2 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; fyziologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum (\u0161impanz Ham);<\/li>\n<li>21.2.1961 &#8211; Atlas MA-2 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; meranie tepeln\u00e9ho nam\u00e1hania kab\u00edny;<\/li>\n<li>18.3.1961 &#8211; Little Joe 5A \u010diasto\u010dne \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; opakovanie pokusu z 8. 11. 1960<\/li>\n<li>25.4.1961 &#8211; Atlas MA-3 ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; raketu bolo nutn\u00e9 zni\u010di\u0165 40 sek\u00fand po \u0161tarte pre odch\u00fdlku od kurzu, predt\u00fdm sa v\u0161ak podarilo oddeli\u0165 a zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 kab\u00ednu;<\/li>\n<li>28.4.1961 &#8211; Little Joe 5B \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; sk\u00fa\u0161ka oddelenia kab\u00edny;<\/li>\n<li>13.9.1961 &#8211; Atlas MA-4 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; oblet Zeme s \u201eumel\u00fdm kozmonautom&#8220;;<\/li>\n<li>29.11.1961 &#8211; Atlas MA-5 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; oblet Zeme so \u0161impanzom Enos;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pilotovan\u00e9 lety<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_6142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 240px\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/614px-Project_Mercury_Astronauts_-_GPN-2000-000651.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6142\" src=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/614px-Project_Mercury_Astronauts_-_GPN-2000-000651-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/614px-Project_Mercury_Astronauts_-_GPN-2000-000651-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/614px-Project_Mercury_Astronauts_-_GPN-2000-000651.jpg 614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Astronauti vybran\u00ed do projektu Mercury<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdber astronautov pre Program Mercury prebiehal medzi vojensk\u00fdmi sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdmi pilotmi, preto\u017ee sa predpokladalo, \u017ee kozmick\u00fd let a riadenie bud\u00fa najviac podobn\u00e9 ovl\u00e1daniu bojov\u00e9ho let\u00fa\u0148a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z prvotnej skupiny 509 pilotov bolo po hrub\u0161om vytrieden\u00ed vybran\u00fdch 110 kandid\u00e1tov bud\u00facich letov. Po n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch testoch potom zostala skupina 7 pilotov, ktor\u00e1 bola v apr\u00edli 1959 vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e1 za prv\u00fa skupinu astronautov NASA, ktor\u00ed bud\u00fa pilotova\u0165 vesm\u00edrnu lo\u010f Mercury. \u0160iestim z nim sa to nakoniec podarilo. Siedmy &#8211; Donald Kent Slayton, bol pre zdravotn\u00fa nesp\u00f4sobilos\u0165 vyraden\u00fd (do vesm\u00edru sa ale v 70. rokoch predsa len dostal).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>5. m\u00e1j 1961 &#8211; Redstone MR-3 Freedom 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=8189\">A. B. Shepparda<\/a> po balistickej dr\u00e1he;<\/li>\n<li>21. j\u00fal 1961 &#8211; Redstone MR-4 Liberty Bell 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let V. I. Grissoma po balistickej dr\u00e1he;<\/li>\n<li>20. febru\u00e1r 1962 &#8211; Atlas MA-6 Friendship 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let J. H. Glenna (3 oblety Zeme);<\/li>\n<li>24. m\u00e1j 1962 &#8211; Atlas MA-7 Aurora 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let M. S. Carpentera (3 obletov Zeme);<\/li>\n<li>3. okt\u00f3ber 1962 &#8211; Atlas MA-8 Sigma 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let W. M. Schirry (6 obletov Zeme);<\/li>\n<li>15. &#8211; 17. m\u00e1j 1963 &#8211; Atlas MA-9 Faith 7 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd; let L. G. Coopera (22 obletov Zeme)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Mercury-Atlas 6<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mercury-Atlas 6 alebo Mercury 6 (MA 6, pod\u013ea lode Friendship 7) bol prv\u00fd americk\u00fd pilotovan\u00fd orbit\u00e1lny let. Napriek tomu bol u\u017e tret\u00edm pilotovan\u00edm letom v Programe Mercury, pri predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich pilotovan\u00fdch letoch v\u0161ak vesm\u00edrne lode leteli len po balistick\u00fdch dr\u00e1hach. Jedin\u00fd \u010dlen pos\u00e1dky, John Herschel Glenn, sa tak stal prv\u00fdm Ameri\u010danom na obe\u017enej dr\u00e1he.<\/p>\n<h3>Priebeh letu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Misia Mercury 6 od\u0161tartovala 20. febru\u00e1ra 1962 po neuverite\u013en\u00fdch desiatich odkladoch. \u0160tartovacia zostava pozost\u00e1vala z nosnej rakety Atlas, ktor\u00e1 na svojom vrchole niesla ku\u017ee\u013eovit\u00fa vesm\u00edrnu lo\u010f pomenovan\u00fa Friendship 7. Po \u0161tarte bola lo\u010f naveden\u00e1 na eliptick\u00fa obe\u017en\u00fa dr\u00e1hu 159 a\u017e 265 km so sklonom k rovn\u00edku 32,5\u00b0. Jeden obeh okolo Zeme jej trval 88,5 min\u00faty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po naveden\u00ed na obe\u017en\u00fa dr\u00e1hu Glenn ohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee let zn\u00e1\u0161a vcelku dobre, a\u017e na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa teplotu v kab\u00edne. Hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom letu bolo otestovanie novej vesm\u00edrnej lode na obe\u017enej dr\u00e1he. Program letu p\u00f4vodne po\u010d\u00edtal s fotografovan\u00edm v infra\u010dervenej a ultrafialovej oblasti spektra. Astronaut mal tie\u017e zaznamena\u0165 mno\u017estvo pozorovan\u00ed vo\u013en\u00fdm okom. Z tohoto pl\u00e1nu v\u0161ak nebolo praktizovan\u00e9 takmer ni\u010d, preto\u017ee u\u017e pri prvom oblete sa ohl\u00e1sili prv\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017ene probl\u00e9my. V riadiacom stredisku zaznamenali telemetrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l hl\u00e1siaci uvo\u013enenie tepeln\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00edtu. Tepeln\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt je nevyhnutn\u00fd pre ochranu lode pri prechode riedkymi vrstvami atmosf\u00e9ry po\u010das prist\u00e1vania. Jeho strata e\u0161te vo vesm\u00edre by znamenala pre Glenna ist\u00fa smr\u0165. Na\u0161\u0165astie, \u0161t\u00edt bol e\u0161te st\u00e1le k lodi pridr\u017eiavan\u00fd trojicou l\u00e1n, ktor\u00e9 pridr\u017eiavali na svojom mieste aj brzdiace rakety. Po bleskov\u00fdch rozhovoroch medzi riadiacim strediskom, leteckou tov\u00e1r\u0148ou v St. Louis (ktor\u00e1 kab\u00ednu vyrobila) a \u00fastred\u00edm NASA vo Virg\u00ednii sa napokon podarilo n\u00e1js\u0165 rie\u0161enie: t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa neodhodia rakety, zostan\u00fa na lodi aj lan\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 tam tepeln\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt dr\u017eia. P\u00f4vodne v\u0161ak bolo v pl\u00e1ne odhodi\u0165 rakety e\u0161te pred vstupom do atmosf\u00e9ry. Nikto nevedel s istotou poveda\u0165, ak\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky bude ma\u0165 ponechanie rakiet na lodi po\u010das prist\u00e1vacieho man\u00e9vra.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Probl\u00e9m s tepeln\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtom v\u0161ak nebol jedinou z\u00e1vadou. Teplota lode sa zvy\u0161ovala a\u017e na 41 \u00b0C. Pokazilo sa zariadenie zabezpe\u010duj\u00face automatick\u00fa stabiliz\u00e1ciu kab\u00edny a Glenn musel prejs\u0165 na ru\u010dn\u00e9 riadenie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po troch obehoch Zeme sa Friendship 7 vr\u00e1tila op\u00e4\u0165 do zemskej atmosf\u00e9ry. Kr\u00e1tko pred zah\u00e1jen\u00edm brzdiaceho man\u00e9vru riadiace stredisko doporu\u010dilo Glennovi, aby neodhadzoval brzdiace rakety. Rakety sa po\u010das zostupu rozpadli a zhoreli, samotn\u00fd tepeln\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt v\u0161ak zostup vydr\u017eal. Lo\u010f dosadla na hladinu Atlantick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu v rovnak\u00fd de\u0148, ako od\u0161tartovala, o 19:43:02 svetov\u00e9ho \u010dasu. Glenn bol hne\u010f po prist\u00e1t\u00ed pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd a stal sa n\u00e1rodn\u00fdm hrdinom. V roku 1964 odi\u0161iel z NASA do politiky, ale do vesm\u00edru sa e\u0161te raz pozrel a to v roku 1998 ako \u010dlen pos\u00e1dky <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=403\">raketopl\u00e1nu<\/a> Discovery STS-95.<\/p>\n<h2>Mohlo by v\u00e1s zauj\u00edma\u0165<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=5137\">Prv\u00fd let \u010dloveka do vesm\u00edru<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=5215\">Kozmick\u00e1 lo\u010f Apollo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=2331\">Kozmick\u00fd let<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=4662\">Pre\u0165a\u017eenie a beztia\u017e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=8157\">Je Spr\u00e1vna pos\u00e1dka pln\u00e1 spr\u00e1vnych chlapov?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=8134\">Zauj\u00edmavosti o vesm\u00edrnych cestovate\u013eoch<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t publikovan\u00e9 na slovenskej Wikip\u00e9dii v \u010dl\u00e1nkoch Program Mercury a Mercury-Atlas 6. Autor: Jana Plauchov\u00e1 ako Eryn Blaireov\u00e1. Spoluautori: Adrian (jazyk, wikilinky, typografia), Mimac (zakladate\u013e, \u010das\u0165 textu), Mirec (oprava preklepu), Milo\u0161 (oprava preklepu), Wizzard (oprava gramatiky), Wek1 (oprava preklepu) Text je dostupn\u00fd pod Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 a GFDL. Program Mercury bol vesm\u00edrny projekt<span class=\"more-excerpt\"><a class=\"more-excerpt-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/?page_id=6138\"> (pokra&#269;ova&#357; v &#269;&iacute;tan&iacute;&#8230;)  <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":677,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6138"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6138"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8230,"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6138\/revisions\/8230"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/677"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adhara.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}